the action of restricting the vibrations of a transverse wave, especially light, wholly or partially to one direction.

the heat required to convert a solid into a liquid or vapor, or a liquid into a vapor, without change of temperature.

the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount (usually one degree).

the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount (usually one degree).

the principle by which the total value of a physical quantity or parameter (such as energy, mass, linear or angular momentum) remains constant in a system which is not subject to external influence

the temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid when cooled.

a negatively charged ion, i.e. one that would be attracted to the anode in electrolysis.

a positively charged ion, i.e. one that would be attracted to the cathode in electrolysis.